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Bioreactors are versatile devices or systems that are used in various industries for a range of applications to support biologically active environments.
Bioreactors are versatile devices or systems that are used in various industries for a range of applications to support biologically active environments. Bioreactors are used for research, development, and production purposes in a wide such as pharmaceuticals to create vaccines, fermentation for the food and beverage industry, in biofuel production, for agricultural applications, and even in waste management. Many chemicals, especially organic chemicals such as metabolites and proteins, are difficult to synthesize or break down in a large scale setting using conventional chemical reaction processes [1]. Such reactions may occur via complex chemical pathways that reduce the overall efficiency of the chemical reaction, make the process more expensive, or produce excessive by-products. Consequently, many industries, rely on micro-organisms to produce the biochemicals needed [2]. Likewise, modern biotechnology has developed alongside bioreactors considerably in the past two decades fueling various industries. Some applications of bioreactors are [3]:
In previous articles in this series, BakerRisk discussed the hydrogen economy and high-level hazards. Additionally, best practices and general guidance for performing a PHA on hydrogen processing facilities to accurately assess all the risks and consequences associated with hydrogen were also covered. This article will focus on the materials and potential damage mechanisms and hazards associated with the operation of equipment exposed to hydrogen, including pressure vessels, pipelines, piping, and other equipment handling hydrogen.
Hydrogen has been used in petroleum refining, fertilizer production, chemical synthesis and many more applications for centuries. Throughout hydrogen’s use, releases have resulted in numerous explosion and fire incidents. Hydrogen is becoming more prevalent as a low carbon energy solution since it can be used both as an energy carrier as well as a replacement for raw materials. As hydrogen is adopted across more industries and applications, continued emphasis on preventing release and escalation is essential.
Test programs, such as those discussed above, have provided significant validation of the current methodologies used to analyze hydrogen hazards. Despite the enormous amount of work done by BakerRisk, the ERC, and others to understand the hazards associated with hydrogen, there is still more work to be done.
As the biofuels industry continues to expand in support of global decarbonization mandates and objectives, facility owners and developers are being challenged to balance production efficiency, operational reliability, and personnel safety.
The promise of hydrogen as the simplest of molecules and perhaps the most challenging and perplexing of energy carriers has the clean energy world diving into hydrogen applications across all major energy categories.
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